How does a quantum computer work? A simple explanation of a complex technology

Modern computing technologies are developing rapidly and quantum computers are the next step in this evolution. These devices work on the principles of quantum mechanics, which allows them to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. They open new opportunities for mankind in computing, modeling and analyzing big data. Many people have heard this term, but few understand its essence because quantum mechanics itself is difficult to understand. Let's see how a quantum computer works, a simple explanation of a complex technology will help to understand the basics without complex formulas and will bring us closer to realizing what awaits computing in the near future.

How a quantum computer differs from a conventional computer

Classical computers use bits in which information is encoded as zeros and ones. They process data sequentially, which imposes limitations on the speed of computation. Quantum computers use qubits instead of bits. These units of information can be in the zero-unit state or their superposition, which gives them enormous computational power.

Basic principles of a quantum computer

Quantum computers work because of three basic properties of quantum mechanics:

• Superposition. A classical bit can be either zero or one, but a qubit can be in both states at once. This allows quantum computers to process huge amounts of data simultaneously;
• Entanglement. If two qubits are in a state of entanglement, a change in one immediately affects the other, regardless of the distance between them. This property makes it possible to transfer information and process it much faster than in classical systems;
• Quantum memorization. Quantum particles are able to retain their information only until a measurement is made after which they assume one of the possible states. This makes quantum computing complex but powerful at the same time.

To understand how a quantum computer works, a simple explanation of the complex technology is to imagine a coin that is both spinning and in two states at once. In a traditional computer, information is fixed as heads or tails in a quantum computer, but it can be both at the same time until a measurement is made.

What is the advantage of quantum computers? 

Quantum computers can solve certain problems orders of magnitude faster than classical computers. For example, they can simulate complex chemical processes, predict the behavior of molecules, and solve complex mathematical equations. In cryptography they can significantly accelerate the solution of ciphers and create new methods of data protection.

Where quantum computing is used

Quantum computers are not yet replacing traditional computers, but they are already being used in various fields:

• Medicine. Development of new drugs requires modeling of complex molecular interactions. Quantum computers can speed up this process;
• Finance. They can analyze huge amounts of data and predict changes in the market;
• Cybersecurity. New methods of encryption and information protection are being developed based on quantum principles;
• Artificial Intelligence. Improved machine learning algorithms can be realized using quantum computing.

Difficulties in the development of quantum computers

Quantum computers are facing serious challenges despite the tremendous prospects. The main problem is the instability of qubits. They are sensitive to external influences and require challenging conditions for operation including low temperatures and protection from external fields. Another obstacle is the scaling of the technology. Creating a quantum processor with a large number of stable qubits is still a challenge.

Prospects for the development of quantum computers

The development of quantum technologies continues and many companies are actively investing in their creation. Google IBM and other technology giants have already developed working prototypes of quantum computers. Every year this field becomes more accessible and in the future quantum computing may enter everyday life.

Conclusion

Quantum computers represent a revolution in the world of technology. They work based on the principles of quantum mechanics which makes them much more powerful than classical computers. The development of this sphere does not stand still and in the coming years we will see new achievements that can dramatically change our digital reality.